Project B2

Project leader: Simon, Robert (PH1)

Project B2 aims at characterizing the feedback of massive stars and their embedding habitats in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds through spectroscopy of atomic and molecular lines. Spectral resolution of the lines is important as it allows us to study in detail the dynamics of the gas. We will contribute data from novel large scale surveys conducted with the Fred Young Submillimeter Telescope (FYST) at the CCAT observatory in Chile starting in 2024. The spectral lines that we will observe with CHAI, the CCAT-prime Heterodyne Array Instrument currently being built in Cologne, are the CO (4-3) and (7-6) rotational lines (tracing the warm, dense gas associated with stellar feedback) and the (1-0) and (2-1) fine structure transitions of neutral atomic carbon [C I] (tracing the atomic phase of Photon Dominated Regions (PDRs) and CO-dark H2). Observations of these lines on scales of many square degrees and at angular resolutions comparable to other large scale surveys (e.g., in the submm and infrared continuum or in spectral lines of CO and HI) are so far missing and therefore an invaluable addition to existing and future data.

The new FYST/CCAT-prime data will be analysed together with the wealth of available comple- mentary data and in the context of other studies in this CRC. An essential part of the analysis and interpretation will involve modelling of PDRs and cloud formation and evolution simulations in collaboration with the relevant CRC sub-projects. Our project concentrates on large scale observations at spatial resolutions between ∽0.1 pc in nearby clouds of the Milky Way and ∽10 pc for the Magellanic Clouds. It will thus provide important information for the small scale studies in the A- projects and, together with the study of nearby galaxies in B3, the large scale view and statistics for the massive stellar habitats in the Milky Way and the closest galaxies. Project B2, therefore, plays an important role in bridging the spatial and environmental gap between the A- and C- projects.

Publications

2025

Ossenkopf-Okada, V.; Karska, A.; Benedettini, M.; Colombo, D.; Simon, R.

Extended atomic carbon around molecular clouds Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2503.04967, 2025.

Links | BibTeX

Sánchez-Monge, Á.; Brogan, C. L.; Hunter, T. R.; Ahmadi, A.; Avison, A.; Beltrán, M. T.; Beuther, H.; Coletta, A.; Fuller, G. A.; Johnston, K. G.; Jones, B.; Liu, S. -Y.; Mininni, C.; Molinari, S.; Schilke, P.; Schisano, E.; Su, Y. -N.; Traficante, A.; Zhang, Q.; Battersby, C.; Benedettini, M.; Elia, D.; Ho, P. T. P.; Klaassen, P. D.; Klessen, R. S.; Law, C. Y.; Lis, D. C.; Liu, T.; Maud, L.; Möller, T.; Moscadelli, L.; Pezzuto, S.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Sanhueza, P.; Soler, J. D.; Stroud, G.; Tang, Y.; Tak, F. F. S.; Walker, D. L.; Wallace, J.; Walch, S.; Wells, M. R. A.; Wyrowski, F.; Zhang, T.; Allande, J.; Bronfman, L.; Dann, E.; Angelis, F. De; Fontani, F.; Henning, Th.; Kim, W. -J.; Kuiper, R.; Merello, M.; Nakamura, F.; Nucara, A.; Rigby, A. J.

ALMAGAL II. The ALMA evolutionary study of high-mass protocluster formation in the Galaxy. ALMA data processing and pipeline Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2503.05559, 2025.

Links | BibTeX

Coletta, A.; Molinari, S.; Schisano, E.; Traficante, A.; Elia, D.; Benedettini, M.; Mininni, C.; Soler, J. D.; Sánchez-Monge, Á.; Schilke, P.; Battersby, C.; Fuller, G. A.; Beuther, H.; Zhang, Q.; Beltrán, M. T.; Jones, B.; Klessen, R. S.; Walch, S.; Fontani, F.; Avison, A.; Brogan, C. L.; Clarke, S. D.; Hatchfield, P.; Hennebelle, P.; Ho, P. T.; Hunter, T. R.; Johnston, K. G.; Klaassen, P. D.; Koch, P. M.; Kuiper, R.; Lis, D. C.; Liu, T.; Lumsden, S. L.; Maruccia, Y.; Möller, T.; Moscadelli, L.; Nucara, A.; Rigby, A. J.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Sanhueza, P.; Tak, F.; Wells, M. R. A.; Wyrowski, F.; Angelis, F. De; Liu, S.; Ahmadi, A.; Bronfman, L.; Liu, S. -Y.; Su, Y. -N.; Tang, Y.; Testi, L.; Zinnecker, H.

ALMAGAL III. Compact source catalog: Fragmentation statistics and physical evolution of the core population Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2503.05663, 2025.

Links | BibTeX

Molinari, S.; Schilke, P.; Battersby, C.; Ho, P. T. P.; Sanchez-Monge, A.; Traficante, A.; Jones, B.; Beltran, M. T.; Beuther, H.; Fuller, G. A.; Zhang, Q.; Klessen, R. S.; Walch, S.; Tang, Y. -W.; Benedettini, M.; Elia, D.; Coletta, A.; Mininni, C.; Schisano, E.; Avison, A.; Law, C. Y.; Nucara, A.; Soler, J. D.; Stroud, G.; Wallace, J.; Wells, M. R. A.; Ahmadi, A.; Brogan, C. L.; Hunter, T. R.; Liu, S. -Y.; Pezzuto, S.; Su, Y. -N.; Zimmermann, B.; Zhang, T.; Wyrowski, F.; Angelis, F. De; Liu, S.; Clarke, S. D.; Fontani, F.; Klaassen, P. D.; Koch, P.; Johnston, K. G.; Lebreuilly, U.; Liu, T.; Lumsden, S. L.; Moeller, T.; Moscadelli, L.; Kuiper, R.; Lis, D.; Peretto, N.; Pfalzner, S.; Rigby, A. J.; Sanhueza, P.; Rygl, K. L. J.; Tak, F.; Zinnecker, H.; Amaral, F.; Bally, J.; Bronfman, L.; Cesaroni, R.; Goh, K.; Hoare, M. G.; Hatchfield, P.; Hennebelle, P.; Henning, T.; Kim, K. T.; Kim, W. -J.; Maud, L.; Merello, M.; Nakamura, F.; Plume, R.; Qin, S. -L.; Svoboda, B.; Testi, L.; Veena, V. S.; Walker, D.

ALMAGAL I. The ALMA evolutionary study of high-mass protocluster formation in the Galaxy. Presentation of the survey and early results Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2503.05555, 2025.

Links | BibTeX

Kim, W. -J.; Beuther, H.; Wyrowski, F.; Menten, K. M.; Schneider, N.; Sánchez-Monge, Á.; Brunthaler, A.; Csengeri, T.; Romero, C.; Cunningham, N.; Bouscasse, L.; Winters, J. M.; Comerón, F.; Veena, V. S.; Ginsburg, A.; Semenov, D.; Gieser, C.; Hernández-Gómez, A.; Dzib, S. A.; Skretas, I. -M.; Christensen, I. B.; Schilke, P.; Möller, T.

The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE: IV. Unveiling the hidden structures in DR18 Journal Article

In: A&A, vol. 694, pp. A30, 2025.

Links | BibTeX

2024

Bij, Akanksha; Fissel, Laura M.; Bonne, Lars; Schneider, Nicola; Berthoud, Marc; Lee, Dennis; Novak, Giles A.; Sadavoy, Sarah I.; Pillai, Thushara G. S.; Cunningham, Maria; Jones, Paul; Simon, Robert

Magnetic Field Alignment Relative to Multiple Tracers in the High-mass Star-forming Region RCW 36 Journal Article

In: Astrophysical Journal, vol. 975, no. 2, pp. 267, 2024.

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Okada, Yoko; Kabanovic, Slawa; Güsten, Rolf; Ossenkopf-Okada, Volker; Schneider, Nicola; Simon, Robert; Buchbender, Christof; Higgins, Ronan; Yanitski, Craig; Röllig, Markus; Stutzki, Jürgen; Ishihara, Daisuke; Tanaka, Kunihiko; Chambers, Edward; Honingh, Netty; Justen, Matthias; Riquelme, Denise

Bright-rimmed clouds in IC 1396: I. Dynamics Journal Article

In: A&A, vol. 690, pp. A45, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Guevara, C.; Stutzki, J.; Ossenkopf-Okada, V.; Graf, U.; Okada, Y.; Schneider, N.; Goldsmith, P. F.; Pérez-Beaupuits, J. P.; Kabanovic, S.; Mertens, M.; Rothbart, N.; Güsten, R.

The [O I] fine structure line profiles in Mon R2 and M17 SW: The puzzling nature of cold foreground material identified by [12C II] self-absorption Journal Article

In: A&A, vol. 690, pp. A294, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Keilmann, Eduard; Buchbender, Christof; Ossenkopf-Okada, Volker; Schneider, Nicola; Kabanovic, Slawa; Stutzki, Jürgen; Simon, Robert; Riechers, Dominik; Tabatabaei, Fateneh; Bigiel, Frank

Molecular Cloud Matching in CO and Dust in M33 I. High-Resolution Hydrogen Column Density Maps from Herschel Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2406.03601, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Rashidi, A.; Yahia, H.; Bontemps, S.; Schneider, N.; Bonne, L.; Hennebelle, P.; Scholtys, J.; Attuel, G.; Turiel, A.; Simon, R.; Cailly, A.; Zebadua, A.; Cherif, A.; Lacroix, C.; Martin, M.; Aouni, A. El; Sakka, C.; Maji, S. K.

Description of turbulent dynamics in the interstellar medium: Multifractal microcanonical analysis: II. Sparse filtering of Herschel observation maps and visualization of filamentary structures at different length scales Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2406.00893, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Christensen, I. Barlach; Wyrowski, F.; Veena, V. S.; Beuther, H.; Semenov, D.; Menten, K. M.; Jacob, A. M.; Kim, W. -J.; Cunningham, N.; Gieser, C.; Hacar, A.; Li, S.; Schneider, N.; Skretas, I.; Winters, J. M.

The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE III. The large scale distribution of DCO+, DNC and DCN in the DR21 filament Journal Article

In: arXiv e-prints, pp. arXiv:2406.09145, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Schneider, N.; Ossenkopf-Okada, V.; Keilmann, E.; Roellig, M.; Kabanovic, S.; Bonne, L.; Csengeri, T.; Klein, B.; Simon, R.; Comeron, F.

First detection of the [CII] 158 micron line in the intermediate-velocity cloud Draco Journal Article

In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

Jackson, James M.; Whitaker, J. Scott; Chambers, Edward; Simon, Robert; Guevara, Cristian; Allingham, David; Patterson, Philippa; Killerby-Smith, Nicholas; Askew, Jacob; Vandenberg, Thomas; Smith, Howard A.; Sanhueza, Patricio; Stephens, Ian W.; Bonne, Lars; Polles, Fiorella L.; Schmiedeke, Anika; Honigh, Netty; Justen, Matthias

Absorption and Self-absorption of [C II] and [O I] Far Infrared Lines toward a Bright Bubble in the Nessie Infrared Dark Cloud Journal Article

In: Astrophysical Journal, vol. 965, no. 2, pp. 187, 2024.

Links | BibTeX

2023

Karim, Ramsey L.; Pound, Marc W.; Tielens, Alexander G. G. M.; Tiwari, Maitraiyee; Bonne, Lars; Wolfire, Mark G.; Schneider, Nicola; Kavak, Ümit; Mundy, Lee G.; Simon, Robert; Güsten, Rolf; Stutzki, Jürgen; Wyrowski, Friedrich; Honingh, Netty

SOFIA FEEDBACK Survey: The Pillars of Creation in [C II] and Molecular Lines Journal Article

In: Astronomical Journal, vol. 166, no. 6, pp. 240, 2023.

Links | BibTeX

Tiwari, M.; Kievit, R.; Kabanovic, S.; Bonne, L.; Falasca, F.; Guevara, C.; Higgins, R.; Justen, M.; Karim, R.; Kavak, Ü.; Pabst, C.; Pound, M. W.; Schneider, N.; Simon, R.; Stutzki, J.; Wolfire, M.; Tielens, A. G. G. M.

Identifying Physical Structures in Our Galaxy with Gaussian Mixture Models: An Unsupervised Machine Learning Technique Journal Article

In: Astrophysical Journal, vol. 958, no. 2, pp. 136, 2023.

Links | BibTeX

References

  1. Beuther, Bihr, Rugel, Johnston, Wang, and 25 co-authors including, Menten, and Bigiel, “The HI/OH/Recombination line survey of the inner Milky Way (THOR). Survey overview and data release 1”, A&A 595, A32 (2016).
  2. Beuther, Schneider, Simon, Suri, Ossenkopf-Okada, Kabanovic, Röllig, Guevara, et al., “FEEDBACKfrom the NGC 7538 H II region”, A&A 659, A77 (2022).
  3. Guevara, Stutzki, Ossenkopf-Okada, Simon, Pérez-Beaupuits, Beuther, Bihr, Higgins, et al., “[C II] 158μm self-absorption and optical depth effects”, A&A 636, A16 (2020).
  4. Kabanovic, Schneider, Ossenkopf-Okada, Falasca, Güsten, Stutzki, Simon, Buchbender, et al., “Self-absorption in [C II], 12CO, and H I in RCW120. Building up a geometrical and physical model of theregion”, A&A 659, A36 (2022).
  5. Luisi, Anderson, Schneider, Simon, Kabanovic, Güsten, Zavagno, Broos, et al., “Stellar feedback andtriggered star formation in the prototypical bubble RCW 120”, Science Advances 7, eabe9511 (2021).
  6. Okada, Higgins, Ossenkopf-Okada, Guevara, Stutzki, and Mertens, “First detection of [13C II] in theLarge Magellanic Cloud”, A&A 631, L12 (2019).
  7. Schneider, Röllig, Simon, Wiesemeyer, Gusdorf, Stutzki, Güsten, Bontemps, et al., “Anatomy of themassive star-forming region S106. The [O I] 63 μm line observed with GREAT/SOFIA as a versatilediagnostic tool for the evolution of massive stars”, A&A 617, A45 (2018).
  8. Schneider, Simon, Guevara, Buchbender, Higgins, Okada, Stutzki, Güsten, et al., “FEEDBACK: aSOFIA Legacy Program to Study Stellar Feedback in Regions of Massive Star Formation”, PASP 132,104301 (2020).
  9. Simon, Schneider, Bigiel, Ossenkopf-Okada, Okada, Johnstone, Schilke, Stacey, et al., “The Cyclingof Matter from the Interstellar Medium to Stars and back”, BAAS 51, 367 (2019).
  10. Tiwari, Karim, Pound, Wolfire, Jacob, Buchbender, and 10 co-authors including, and Simon, “SOFIA FEEDBACK Survey: Exploring the Dynamics of the Stellar Wind Driven Shell of RCW 49”, ApJ 914, 117 (2021).